Man

Jenny Marcela Blamey Alegría

Director Científico

FUNDACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y CULTURAL BIOCIENCIA

Santiago, Chile

Líneas de Investigación


Microbiology, Microbial Ecology; Extremophiles; Biochemistry,Microbial diversity, Enzymology

Educación

  •  Biochemistry, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. Estados Unidos, 1988
  •  Biochemistry, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. Chile, 1994
  •  Gestion Tecnológica, SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY. Canada, 2012

Experiencia Académica

  •   Professor Part Time

    UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    Química y Biologia

    Chile

    2002 - 2014

  •   Profesor Asociado Part Time

    UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

    Química y Biología

    Santiago, Chile

    2018 - A la fecha

Experiencia Profesional

  •   Manager of Research and Development Full Time

    INUAL Ltda./TEPUAL SA

    Santiago, Chile

    1994 - 2001

  •   Director Part Time

    Fundación Biociencia

    Santiago, Chile

    2001 - A la fecha

  •   Profesor asociado Part Time

    Universidad de Santiago de Chile

    Santiago, Chile

    2018 - A la fecha

Formación de Capital Humano


SUPERVISION OF UNDERGRADUATE AND Ph.D. THESIS RESEARCH PROJECTS:

Undergraduate Thesis:

Eric Pinto,” Isolation and characterization of novel hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms from extreme environments and their potential for bioremediation.”, Biotechnology Engineer Degree, University of Chile, 2009 graduated.

Maximiliano Amenabar, “Purification and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase from a microorganism isolated from a drying oven", Biochemistry Degree, University of Santiago, Chile,
2009 graduated.

María Teresa Monsalves "Production, Extraction and Purification of a thermophilic superoxide dismutase” Biotechnology Engineer Degree, INACAP, 2011 graduated.

Verónica Kramm "Design and scale up of a chromatographic method for the separation of compatible solutes” Biotechnology Engineer Degree, University of Santiago, Chile,
2012 graduated.

Paulina Cáceres "Determination of the growth kinetic parameters for growth optimization of the CC2 thermo-acidophile" Biotechnology Engineer Degree, INACAP, 2012 graduated.

Sebastian Muñoz "Production of selenium nanoparticles by the thermophilic microorganism Geobacillus weigelii (GWE1)” Biotechnology Engineer Degree, INACAP, 2013 graduated.

Angela Rifo "Culture optimization of E.coli BL21 DE3 to increase the production of a extremophilic recombinant glutamate dehydrogenase” Biotechnology Engineer Degree, INACAP, 2015 graduated.

Jairo Pereira “Functional Characterization of a recombinant laccase from Bacillus FNT” Biotechnology Engineer Degree, INACAP, 2017 graduated.

Darma Oviedo “Purification and characterization of a thermostable lignin peroxidase from a bacterial thermoacidophile consortium” Biochemistry Degree, University of Chile, 2018.

María Jesus Soruco “Search of novel halophilic endoglucanases of potential industrial application” Biotechnology Degree, University Mayor, 2019 graduated.

Felipe Gutierrez “Study of culture conditions to optimize the production of violacein by an Antarctic microorganism” Biotechnology Engineer degree, University of Santiago Chile, in progress.

Patricio Uribe “Comparative biochemical studies of a recombinant thermophilic nitrilase and its native Antarctic counterpart” Biochemistry Degree, University of Chile, in progress.

Jorge Sanchez "Study of the biodegrading capability of a recombinant thermophilic lacasse on antibiotics", University of Chile, in progress.

Magister Thesis:

Oscar Jeldres “Technological Transference of a beta-galactosidase from a psychrophile to obtain dairy products without lactose” Magister in Technological Management in Biotechnology, Universidad de Santiago, Chile, 2013 graduated.

Francisca Contreras “Isolation and characterization of extremophilic microorganisms with xylanolytic activity” Magister in Environmental Biochemistry, in Universidad de Chile, 2016 graduated.

Joaquín Atalah “Purification and characterization of a new laccase isolated from the Antarctic thermophilic microorganism Geobacillus sp. ID17” Magister in Environmental Biochemistry, Universidad de Chile, 2017 graduated.

Elizabeth Hormazabal "Development of a novel thermostable bacterial recombinant laccase” Biotechnology Engineer Degree, Andrés Bello University, in progress.

Diego Salas "Obtention and Characterization of a recombinant lipase from a thermophilic microorganism from Deception Island, Antarctica.", Magister in Environmental Biochemistry, Universidad de Chile, in progress

Doctoral Thesis:

Leticia Barrientos, “Molecular Characterization of rizospheral bacterial communities of Deschampsia antarctica. ”Ph.D. in Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, 2009 graduated.

Freddy Boehmwald, “Identification and purification of compatible solutes from halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms form the Atacama desert”. Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2009 graduated.

Ncebakazi Galada, “Exploring diversity and ecology of nanorchaea in hydrothermal biotopes”. Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, South Africa, 2012 graduated.

Daniela Correa-Llantén, “Pigments of microbiological origin with biotechnological Applications”. Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2011 graduated.

Patricio Muñoz “Thermophilic lipases of Antarctic origin: effect of ionic liquids on their activity”. Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2013 graduated.

Rocío Peralta “Biotransformation of lignin into functional polymers by an antarctic thermophilic enzyme” Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2016 graduated.

Patricio Flores “Characterization of a thermophilic glutamate dehydrogenase from an Antarctic thermophilic microorganism” Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2013 graduated.

Geraldine Dennett “Purification and Characterization of a thermostable nitrilase from an hyperthermophilic Antarctic culture” Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2015 graduated.

María de los Angeles Cabrera “Cloning, expression and characterization of a thermoactive nitrilase from a hyperthermophilic antarctic microorganism” Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2017 graduated.

Claudia Alvarado “Study of Biocorrosion in AA 2024-T3 by Antarctic microorganisms” Ph.D in Chemistry, University of Santiago, 2017 graduated.

Sebastían Marquez “Purification and characterization of a novel transaminase from a thermophilic microorganism” Ph.D in Biotechnology, University of Santiago, 2018 graduated.

Paulo Molina “Synthesis of SiO2 nanocontainers and their surface modification through functionalization with coupling agents” Ph.D in Chemistry, University of Santiago, 2019 graduated.


Premios y Distinciones

  •   Reconocimiento al proyecto de mayor relevancia e innovación desarrollado en la Antartica (se llama Biorecursos antarticos)

    Innova-CORFO

    Chile, 2012

    Premio Corfo en reconocimiento al proyecto de mayor relevancia e innovación desarrollado en la Antartica (se llama Biorecursos antarticos)

  •   Reconocimiento a la relevancia del artículo

    Nature

    Estados Unidos, 2011

    Articulo en Nature reconociendo la importancia del trabajo de microbiología desarrollado en laantartica por mi grupo el en marco del proyecto biorecursos antarticos

  •   Medalla de Oro al proyecto Nª FA9550-06-1-0502

    AFOSR

    Estados Unidos, 2006

    ”Incineration-proof hyperthermophiles from laboratory drying ovens”. 2006-2009, funding: Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Grant # FA9550-06-1-0502

  •   Best Paper Award

    DoD-Allied Nations Technical Corrosion Conference

    Estados Unidos, 2019

    Mejor trabajo técnico presentado en la conferencia

  •   AFOSR Medal

    AFOSR(Air Force Office of Scientific Research)

    Estados Unidos, 2018

    Reconocimiento al trabajo desarrollado en el proyecto Grant # FA9550-16-1-0408. titulo:"Bioengineering Extremophile Enzymes to Develop Biological Sensors"

  •   Medal of Recognition

    Bulgarian Scientific Delegation

    Bulgaria, 2008

    In recognition to the scientific contribution to the Advancement of Antarctic Science


 

Article (84)

Advantages of Using Extremophilic Bacteria for the Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Its Potential for Rare Earth Element Recovery
From the Discovery of Extremozymes to an Enzymatic Product: Roadmap Based on Their Applications
Isolation and characterization of a novel laccase from an Antarctic thermophilic Geobacillus
The Helium and Carbon Isotope Characteristics of the Andean Convergent Margin
Violacein from an Antarctic Iodobacter sp. 7MAnt and its function as immunomodulator of the defense mechanism of innate immunity in fish cells
A novel and highly active recombinant spore-coat bacterial laccase, able to rapidly biodecolorize azo, triarylmethane and anthraquinonic dyestuffs
Extremophilic oxidoreductases for the industry: five successful examples with promising projections
Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. nov., reclassification of Thermofilum uzonense as Infirmifilum uzonense comb. nov. and assignment of the family Thermofilaceae to the order Thermofilales ord. nov
Novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Infirmifilum lucidum gen. nov. sp. nov., reclassification of Thermofilum uzonense as Infirmifilum uzonense comb. nov. and assignment of the family Thermofilaceae to the order Thermofilales ord. nov.
Purification and characterization of two thermostable xylanases from a halotolerant Bacillus sp. Asc6BA isolated from Salar de Ascotan, Atacama Desert
Role of Chemosynthetic Thermophilic Communities on the Biogeochemical Cycles of Minerals in the Orca Seamount Area, Antarctica
Improvement of polyhydroxybutyrate production by deletion of csrA in Escherichia coli
Isolation and characterization of violacein from an Antarctic Iodobacter: a non-pathogenic psychrotolerant microorganism
Isolation of a Psychrotolerant and UV-C-Resistant Bacterium from Elephant Island, Antarctica with a Highly Thermoactive and Thermostable Catalase
Study of an Antarctic thermophilic consortium and its influence on the electrochemical behavior of aluminum alloy 7075-T6
A catalytic membrane used for H2O2 decomposition
Capping of silver nanoparticles by anti-inflammatory ligands: Antibacterial activity and superoxide anion generation
Characterization of the EPS from a thermophilic corrosive consortium
Effect of a Bacterial Consortium on Passivation Property of 2024 Aluminum Alloy
Electrochemical dynamic sensing of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of microorganisms
Isolation and partial characterization of a new moderate thermophilic Albidovulum sp. SLM16 with transaminase activity from Deception Island, Antarctica
Reconstruction of the Functional Ecosystem in the High Light, Low Temperature Union Glacier Region, Antarctica
Is there an active hydrothermal flux from the orca seamount in the Bransfield Strait, antarctica?
Electro-Kinetic Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Thermophilic Laccase
Improved stability of multicopper oxidase-carbon nanotube conjugates using a thermophilic laccase
Inhibiting Pathogen Surface Adherence by Multilayer Polyelectrolyte Films Functionalized with Glucofuranose Derivatives
Non-native microbial introductions: what risk to Antarctic ecosystems?
A catalytic membrane used for H 2 O 2 decomposition
Bioprospection of extremozymes for conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to bioethanol and other biochemicals
Cloning, overexpression, and characterization of a thermostable nitrilase from an Antarctic Pyrococcus sp.
Diversity of bacteria and archaea from two shallow marine hydrothermal vents from Vulcano Island
Electrochemical characterization of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 influenced by bacteria from Antarctica
Electrochemical characterization of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 influenced by bacteria from Antarctica
Enzymatic Biocatalysis in Chemical Transformations: A Promising and Emerging Field in Green Chemistry Practice
Structure and application of antifreeze proteins from Antarctic bacteria
A New Thermophilic Nitrilase from an Antarctic Hyperthermophilic Microorganism.
Purification and characterization of a termostable glutamate dehydrogenase from a thermophilic microorganism from Deception Island, Antarctica (2016)
Biofilm formation on aluminum alloy 2024: A laboratory study
Cold and Hot Extremozymes: Industrial Relevance and Current Trends.
Ionic liquids increase the catalytic efficiency of a lipase (Lip1) from an antarctic thermophilic bacterium.
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the maritime Antarctic
Synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by strain GWE1 belonging to genus Geobacillus isolated from a drying oven
Alicyclobacillus sp. strain CC2, a thermo-acidophilic bacterium isolated from Deception Island (Antarctica) containing a thermostable superoxide dismutase enzyme
Enzyme involvement in the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Geobacillus wiegelii, strain GWE1 isolated from a drying oven
Ionic liquids increase the catalytic efficiency of a lipase (Lip1) from an antarctic thermophilic bacterium
Lipid composition of thermophilic Geobacillus sp strain GWE1, isolated from sterilization oven
Lipid composition of thermophilic Geobacillus sp. strain GWE1, isolated from sterilization oven.
Archaeal diversity from hydrothermal systems of Deception Island, Antarctica
Characterization of the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. strain GWE1 isolated from a sterilization oven
Effect of UV radiation on a thermostable superoxide dismutase purified from a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a sterilization drying oven
Gold nanoparticles synthesized by Geobacillus sp strain ID17 a thermophilic bacterium isolated from Deception Island, Antarctica
Production, Purification and Partial Characterization of Four Lipases from a Thermophile Isolated from Deception Island
SIMULTANEOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF DOPAMINE, ASCORBIC ACID AND URIC ACID USING COPPER-PHTHALOCYANINE FUNCTIONALIZED MWCNTS
Amphibacillus cookii sp nov., a facultatively aerobic, spore-forming, moderately halophilic, alkalithermotolerant bacterium
Antioxidant Capacity of Novel Pigments from an Antarctic Bacterium
Purification and characterization of a thermostable glutamate dehydrogenase from a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a sterilization drying oven
Resistance to hypoosmotic shock of liposomes containing novel pigments from an Antarctic bacterium
Resistance to hypoosmotic shock of liposomes containing novel pigments from an antarctic bacterium
Thermophilic bacteria present in a sample from Fumarole Bay, Deception Island
Prokaryotic diversity pattern in high-altitude ecosystems of the Chilean Altiplano
Nanoarchaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences are widely dispersed in hyperthermophilic and mesophilic halophilic environments
Direct electrochemical characterization of hyperthermophilic Thermococcus celer metalloenzymes involved in hydrogen production from pyruvate
Purification and characterization of an iron-nickel hydrogenase from Thermococcus celer
Purification and characterization of ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus woesei
Optimization of the growth conditions of the extremely thermophilic microorganisms Thermococcus celer and Pyrococcus woesei
Omeprazole, a specific gastric secretion inhibitor on oxynticopeptic cells, reduces gizzard erosion in broiler chicks fed with toxic fish meals
A variable-temperature direct electrochemical study of metalloproteins from hyperthermophilic microorganisms involved in hydrogen production from pyruvate.
Properties of a thermostable 4Fe-ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima
Pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, and the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima, have different catalytic mechanisms.
Characterization of an ancestral type of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima.
Characterization of an ancestral type of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima.
Cloning, expression, and molecular characterization of the gene encoding an extremely thermostable [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
Properties of a thermostable 4Fe-ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima.
Pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, and the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima, have different catalytic mechanisms.
The hyperthermophilic glycolytic enzyme enolase in the archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus: comparison with mesophilic enolases.
Purification and characterization of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
Purification and characterization of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
A novel and highly active recombinant spore-coat bacterial laccase, able to rapidly biodecolorize azo, triarylmethane andanthraquinonic dyestuffs
A thermophilic coat-spore laccase from Bacillus sp. FNT with functionalizing properties for textile fibers (2016)
Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments
Biotechnological potential of a thermophilic microorganism from Deception Island (Antarctica) with glutamate dehydrogenase activity
Isolation and partial characterization of a new moderate thermophilic Albidovulum sp. 1 SLM16 from Deception Island, Antarctica
Latin American Genome Initiative, the Creation of a Network and Web Based Resource to Aid and Nurture Genome Biology in Developing Countries
Purification and characterization of a highly efficient catalase from a psychrophilic microorganism from Antarctica

Abstract (1)

Direct electrochemical characterization of hyperthermophilic t. celer metalloenzymes involved in hydrogen production from pyruvate

BookSection (3)

Bioprospection of Extremozymes for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Bioethanol and Other Biochemicals.
Functional Screening for the Discovery of New Extremophilic Enzymes
Extreme Microorganisms and their Biotechnological Applications

BookWhole (1)

Hot environments from antarctica: Source of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, with potential biotechnological applications

Proyecto (20)

Bioengineering Extremophile Enzymes to Develop a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Warfighters
Corrosion of Ti-6Al–4V alloy for Biomedical Applications
Functional Materials for Corrosion and Biocorrosion Protection
Polymeric coatings for corrosion protection of aluminium alloys
Effects of Microbial Diversity on Metallic Alloys
Antifreeze proteins from psychrophilic microorganisms
Extremophilic Enzymatic Response=> Role of proteins in controlling Se nanoparticle synthesis
Enantioselectivity of thermophilic antarctic lipases in non-aqueous systems
Development of methodologies to produce extremophilic antioxidant enzymes
Production of new biomolecules from Antarctic extremophilic microorganisms as precursors of biopharma and for diagnostics
Structural design of international R&D=> Search of new extremophilic biocompounds to accelerate Time-to-Market
Extremophilic Enzymatic Response for Protection against UV-Radiation Damage
Antarctica=> Base of biological resources for the improvement of biotechnology
Incineration-proof hyperthermophiles from laboratory drying ovens
Search, culturing and isolation of Nanoarchaea
Wetlands of the high Andes=> natural reserve of microorganisms involved in the arsenic cycle. Biotechnological potential against arsenic (Bioarsenic)
Isolation of radiation resistant xerophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms
Electrochemical Characterization of Hyperthermophilic Enzymes
ESTUDIO DE ENZIMAS AISLADAS DE MICROORGANISMOS HIPERTERMOFILICOS INVOLUCRADAS EN EN METABOLISMO DE CARBOHIDRATOS E HIDROGENO
Study of Enzymes, Involved in the Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Hydrogen Isolated from Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms

Review (2)

Thermophiles and the applications of their enzymes as new biocatalysts
Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments
72
Jenny Blamey

Director Científico

Research and Development

FUNDACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y CULTURAL BIOCIENCIA

Santiago, Chile

8
Maximiliano Amenabar

Investigador Científico

Fundación Biociencia

Santiago, Chile

7
MARITZA PAEZ

Full professor

Química de los Materiales

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

6
Mamie Sancy

Profesor Asistente

Facultad de Ingeniería

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Santiago, Chile

6
Giannina Espina

Research Scientist

Fundacion Biociencia

Santiago, Chile

5
Mario Chiong

Profesor

Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile

3
Manuel Azocar

Assistant Professor

Química de los Materiales

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Santiago, Chile

3
Joaquin Atalah

Research Assistant

Fundación Biocienica

Santiago, Chile

2
Fabiola Pineda

Assistant professor

---

Universidad Mayor de Chile

Santiago, Chile

2
Paulina Cáceres

Gerente de área de Desarrollo y Producción

Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia

Santiago , Chile

2
Lorena Escudero

Investigador

Medio ambiente

CICITEM

Antofagasta, Chile

2
Nelson Vejar

Docente

CIDCA

Santiago, Chile

2
Sebastian Muñoz

Encargado de Procesos

Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia

Santiago, Chile

2
Claudia Alvarado

Investigador Científico

APA

FACH

santiago, Chile

2
JORGE PAVEZ

Professor

Materials Chemistry

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
José Zagal

Distinguished Professor

Chemistry of Materials

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

2
Carlos Galarce

Postdoctorante

FIAD

Universidad San Sebastián

Santiago, Chile

2
SEBASTIÁN MÁRQUEZ

Investigador

Fundación Biociencia

Santiago, Chile

1
Maria Ocaranza

Asociate Professor

Cardiovascular Diseases Division

Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Fernando Gonzalez

Titular Professor

Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida

Universidad Andres Bello

Santiago, Chile

1
Daniela Meneses

Encargada de Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional

Universidad de Antofagasta

Antofagasta, Chile

1
Jorge González

Jefe de Departamento

Departamento Científico

INSTITUTO ANTÁRTICO CHILENO

Punta Arenas, Chile

1
Alberto Monsalve

ACADEMICO

INGENIERIA METALURGICA

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Chile

1
Freddy Boehmwald

Researcher

Biotechnology

UC Davis Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
VALERIA MARQUEZ

Profesor Asistente

Centro de Nanotecnologia Aplicada

Universidad Mayor de Chile

SANTIAGO, Chile

1
Paulo Molina

Investigador Postdoctorado

Química de los Materiales

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Rocío Peralta

Gestor Tecnológico

Universidad de Los Lagos

Puerto Montt, Chile

1
Valeria Villalobos

Profesor asistente

Universidad Autónoma de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Carlos Silva

Academico Hora

Química de los materiales

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Santiago, Chile

1
Cristina Dorador

PROFESSOR

Biotechnology

UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTOFAGASTA

ANTOFAGASTA, Chile

1
SERGIO LAVANDERO

Director

Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS)

UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, FAC CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS Y FARMACÉUTICAS

Santiago, Chile

1
Guillermo Chong

Professor, researcher

Geological sciences

UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE DPTO. CS. GEOLÓGICAS

Antofagasta, Chile

1
LISA MUÑOZ

Profesor Adjunto I

universidad de santiago de Chile

Chile

1
Cecilia Demergasso

Directora

Centro de Biotecnología "Profesor Alberto Ruiz"

UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL NORTE

Antofagasta, Chile

1
Francisco Chávez

Profesor Asistente

Departamento de Biología

Universidad de Chile

Santiago, Chile